THE COMPARISON OF CONTRAST MEAD AND BOURDIEU THEORIES Essay

THE COMPARISON OF CONTRAST MEAD AND BOURDIEU THEORIES - Essay Example Perceiving a house is same as to perceive shelter. That is why it is concluded that perception is the action plans that individual takes (Baldwin, 90-91). Mead’s society based on an open society of open selves, (Herbert, pp 6). His theories are synthesis of German idealism which states that, the self’s â€Å"perception and semantics’† and "a common practice of various subjects" (Baldwin, 203-205) found particularly in social brushes., Mead’s self states to be significantly knitted within a sociological presence: For Mead, existence in community lies before individual awareness. Mead focused that all human beings including men and women start their apprehension of the social world through "play" and "game". "Play" lies prior in the childs development and growth (Baldwin, pp. 23-31). The self-development is dependent on learning in order to capture the role of other. Therefore, a child can play different actions he notices in "adult" society, and performs them out to take an understanding of the various social roles. Moreover, it is simply the matter that, what others do. Every step is a learning step that starts from imitation through play acting world of children. Whereas, Pierre Bourdie was a famous French sociologist born on first august 1930.his work provide the framework for social and symbolic violence that enables the dynamics to reveal the human power connections in our social life. However, he argued that individuals either schools or writers should bring their expertise to bear responsibly on political and social issues. He drew different methods from a broad range of various disciplines, specially philosophy anthropology and sociology. One of his famous books is â€Å"Distinction† describes the space of social lifestyle and space of social positions or a Social Critique of the assessment of Taste. Moreover, Bourdie describes the scholastic point of view, means things of logic and logic of things. Moreover, he loved intellectual combat,

Fowlers Stages of faith Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 13750 words

Fowlers Stages of faith - Essay Example FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 43 CHAPTER V 54 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 54 5.1. SUMMARY 55 5.2. CONCLUSION 56 5.3. RECOMMENDATIONS 57 5.4. FUTURE POSSIBILITY OF THE RESEARCH AND SOME DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED 58 Bibliography 59 ABSTRACT 63 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Since the ancient period, humanity has constantly tried to understand people’s relation and position with the world, with the universe, with transcendental reality. The works of Plato and Aristotle offer how human beings may be able to apprehend their position in the cosmos (see Phaedrus, The Republic, The Metaphysics ). However, during the Middle Ages, when people’s nature is defined more in terms of their relation with God, faith seeking understanding has become an attestation of a person’s innate ability to ‘understand’ the person in relation with God. Nonetheless, the questions and the longing for answers do not end there. In this sense, the desire to understand the meaning of life, its purpose and its relation with God and Others have long been part of the questions underpinning human existence. This yearning has become more concrete in the midst of the angst rising from current human experiences, of the present human condition. In this regard, the necessity of understanding faith dimension in the lives of people in the contemporary period becomes more urgent as people try to find meaning and purpose for their lives. However, what is faith? Generally, faith is belief in the reality of a transcendental being. However, over the past few decades, a ‘different’ approach to faith has been given. James Fowler’s theory of faith development is considered as one of the most significant models of faith/spirituality development that has emerged (Stantrock, 1999; Parker, 2006). It seeks to chart the stages of faith within the chronological life span of a person (Fowler, 1981). As such, the model tries to explain the process by whic h individuals' perspectives on ultimate meanings and values change during the course of their life (Fowler, 1981). In this regard, Fowler’s stages of faith, the only recognized measure of faith development stages (Moseley, Jarvis, Fowler & Di Nicola, 1993), has attracted further studies, debates and added evaluation (Streib 2005; Parker, 2006). In lieu with this, the study will look into James Fowler’s stages of faith vis-a-vis Christian faith. 1.1. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK As the study seeks to understand the relation between Fowler’s Stages of Faith and the Christian faith, the clarification of the connection between the two will allow for the development of more depth and deeper understanding of faith. This becomes essential as Fowler’s discourse on faith is considered as one of the most important developments in understanding the phenomenon of faith. Furthermore, it attempts to present the position that as Fowler’s faith and Stages of faith is used in addressing concerns in education, in counseling and other fields, it can be used to further explain the notion of faith within the Christian context. In this regard, if clarification of the connection between two conceptions of faith, then a wider and deeper appreciation of faith is possibly attained. It will enable people to discuss faith in seeming abstraction but in the view of concrete and measurable developments that is charted across a person’s life span. 1.2. Statement of the Study: The purpose of this research investigation was to use Fowler’

Fault location methods

Fault location methods Abstract This paper presents a comparative study between two fault location methods in distribution network with Distributed Generation (DG). Both methods are based on computing the impedance using fundamental voltage and current signals. The first method uses one-end information and the second uses both ends. A 30 kV three-phase line was studied in the presence of a 3 MW fixed speed wind turbine. Index Terms-Fault location, Distribution network, Distributed Generation, Fixed Speed Wind Turbineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Introduction Fault location problem in transmission networks has been studied deeply because of its importance in the power system and because its difficult to physically check long transmission lines [1]. Nowadays, the problem of fault location was extended to distribution network in order to identify the fault location as quickly as possible to improve the power quality and the system reliability. The application of classical techniques, presented in Section 2, is not easy due to the complexity of the distribution systems which are characterized by the non-homogeneity of line, the load uncertainty, the phase unbalanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [2] Fault location problem in the distribution network becomes more complicated with the presence of the Distributed Generation (DG). In fact, the DG resources, connected to the distribution system, which are in general, wind turbines and small hydro-electrical plants [3], contribute to the fault level of the network and their effect depends on their size, type and placement [4]. The infeed currents from the DGs cause errors in the estimation of the distance of the fault point since they can affect the amplitude, the direction and, indirectly, the duration of fault currents [3]. In this paper, we present two fault location methods which have been successfully applied to a real fault that occurred on a 225 kV transmission line in [5]. They will be, first, tested on a simple distribution line without DGs. Then, we consider a fixed speed wind turbine connected to the other side of the line. FAULT LOCATION TECHNIQUES Fault location methods can be classified into different categories: Methods based on travelling waves in faulted line: in [6], authors present a travelling wave based fault location method, which was successfully applied on a transmission line, and extended to distribution line with DGs. The main advantages of this approach are its insensitivity to the contribution of the DGs during fault and the requirement of fault signal only from the substation end of the faulted line. Methods based on harmonics analysis: those methods are not frequently used since grid operators have the aim to reduce harmonics in the power system. Method based on computing the short circuit power, using the voltage and the currents, to determine the fault location [5]. Method using instantaneous voltage and current available at both ends of the line [5]. Methods based on determining the apparent impedance using the fundamental components of voltage and current: this method is the most widely used because of its simplicity and efficiency, and it does not require a big investment in equipment [1], [2]. Those methods can be divided into two groups: Methods using one-end information and Methods using both ends of the affected line. Fig. 1 shows a simple three-phase distribution line with a load connected via a transformer (30 kV/ 575 V). The basic approach used for determining the fault distance d is to calculate the impedance seen from substation (NL) during the fault. This paper presents two fault location techniques. Method using one-end information Where: Vk is the voltage of the faulted phase and Vf is the fault voltage. Vk and Vf depends on the fault type as given in table I. Method using both ends information The voltage and the current of the two ends line are related with this expression: Where: VLi, VRi, ILi, IRi are resp. the voltage and the current of the left and the right side of the phase i. VLj, VRj, ILj, IRj are resp. the voltage and the current of the left and the right side of the phase j. Zik,Zjk: elements of the impedance matrix of the line L: line length d: fault distance Simulation and results In order to show the effectiveness of the presented algorithms, the system presented in Fig. 1 is tested with the source, the line and the load parameters given in table II. Where: dest and dreal are respectively the estimated and the real fault distance, and L is the line length. Fig. 2 shows the estimated error for the simulated system of Fig. 1 for different fault resistance value to compare the two techniques described above. Fig. 3 shows the fault location results for different load power. It can be seen that as the load power increases, the estimation error also increases. For the first technique, the estimation error is less than 1.5% and can still be acceptable, but for the second technique, the estimation error can reach 30% for a 5 MW load. In fact, the accuracy of the algorithm, for variable load, depends on the short-circuit power of the source. Fig. 4 shows that the estimation error decreases if the ratio between the load power and the source short-circuit power decreases. In order to study the influence of the integration of the DGs into the distribution networks on the fault location accuracy, a three-phase line integrating a 3MW fixed speed wind turbine at the right side of the line is considered in Fig. 5. A 1MW local load has been connected to the WT. Fig. 6, 7 and 8 present the WT characteristics: the nominal wind speed is 9 m/s; the wind speed is imposed equal to 8 m/s that makes the WT generating 0.66 pu of its active power. The reactive power is generated by an 800 kVAR capacitors. The WT speed is fixed to 1 pu. A one-phase fault, during 600 ms, that occurs on the line with different fault resistance value and different load power, is used to evaluate the presented methods. Fig. 9 presents the estimated error for the simulated line with wind turbine. It can be seen that the error is higher than in the first case because of the participation of the WT to the fault current which is not delivered only by the source. Then, the source voltage increases and the impedance seen from the source will be higher than the impedance of the same fault on the line without WT. Comparing with the results presented for a line without DGs, we can see that the contribution of the WT in the fault current increases widely the estimation error of both methods, especially the second one that uses the recorded information from the source bus and the WT connection point. The effect of the uncertainty of the load is investigated by varying its value from 0 to 5 MW, for a fault located at 20 km from the source. Fig. 10 presents the accuracy of the described methods while varying the load. Unlike the result presented for the line without GDs, the estimated error decreases while increasing the load impedance. This result shows that conventional methods cant be well used for network with DGs. It is known that an increase in generation capacity, increases the fault current, then the participation of the DGs to the fault level will increase too. For that, we consider two wind turbine of 3MW each one, connected to a distribution network at the same connection point. The wind reference of the first WT is fixed to 8m/s, and for the second, it starts with a wind speed of 8m/s then it increases to 9m/s to simulate the two wind sources with different rate of penetration. Fig. 12 shows the characteristics of both WTs. Conclusion This paper presents two impedance based fault location methods tested on a distribution line with and without distributed generation. The two techniques present an interesting precision for fault location in distribution system that does not integrate GDs. But, with the existence of the WT connected to the grid, those methods are not applicable especially for a high fault resistance value or variable load impedance. Thus, integration of the DGs into the distribution network requires further study on the existing fault location techniques to adapt them with the DGs state when a fault occurs. References J. Mora, J. Melendez, M. Vinyoles, J. Sà ¡nchez, M. Castro, An Overview to Fault Location Methods in Distribution System Based on Single End Measures of Voltage and Current, Journal Name, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 1-10, Mar. 2000. Y.-J. Ahn, M.-S. Choi, S.-H. Kang and S.-J. Lee, An accurate fault location algorithm for double-circuit transmission systems, in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Summer Meeting, vol. 3, 2000, pp. 1344-1349. TH. Boutsika, S. Papathanassiou, N. Drossos, Calculation of the Fault Level Contribution of Distributed Generation According To IEC Standard 60909, NTUA-Electric Power Division, Athens. V.R. Kanduri, Distributed Generation Impact on Fault Response of A Distrubution Network, Thesis of the Faculty of Mississippi State University, 2004. A. Abadlia,La Localisation des Dà ©fauts dans les Lignes Electriques, Thesis of the National School of Engineers of Tunis (ENIT), 2007. C.Y. Evrenosoglu, A. Abur, Fault Location in Distribution Systems with Distributed Generation, 15th PSCC, Liege, 22-26 August 2005, Session 10, Paper 5, p. 5.

The Impact of Global Warming on Human Health Essay -- Environmental Gl

The Impact of Global Warming on Human Health   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the world, the presence of particular diseases and other threats to human health depend largely on the local climate. Extreme variation in temperature can directly, and indirectly, cause the loss of human life. The threat of a gradual increase in temperature could be catastrophic to the world, as we know it. In 1999, a heat wave killed more than 250 people in Chicago alone (Union of Concerned Scientists). Many consider such an event as a natural disaster. However, scientists warn the average global temperature has increase 0.5  ° F in the past 40 years. This is half of the total increase in surface temperature, 1 °F, since the late 19th century. At its current rate, the global temperature could rise 2 ° to 6 °F in the next 100 years (Union of Concerned Scientist).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Such a drastic increase in the rate of temperature increase is due to the industrial revolution. In the past 40 years, the world has seen a drastic increase in population and the use of fossil fuels (gasoline, oil, coal or natural gas). These fuels are used to run our cars, heat and cool our homes, manufacture goods in our factories and to ship goods for worldwide consumption. The focus, until lately, has been to produce maximum product at a minimum price to maximize profit. Little to no care was taken to minimize the amount of fossil fuels used in the production of goods. Recently, it has become evident that such practices lead to the production of greenhouse gases. Whenever fossil fuels are burned for energy, greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide builds up in the earth’s atmosphere (Union of Concerned Scientists).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another reason why greenhouse gases have increased is due to the decrease in the amount of plant life, commonly called deforestation. Plant life is the only thing known on earth to consume carbon dioxide. However, due to the need of raw materials (wood and paper pulp), industrial nations tend to cut down more trees than they can reforest (Fuller 454). Also, toxins produced as a by-product of industrialization have killed plant life. Therefore, a greater amount of carbon dioxide is being produced at the same time less carbon dioxide is being consumed, leading to dangerous consequences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The combination of pollutants and deforestation has lead to what is commonly called the Greenhouse Effect. The term... ...ure on the government to create legislation that will save the environment as well as keep our energy rates low and stable. Such legislation is almost impossible. A good first step for the government would be to create effective, mass public transportation such as the train and subway systems of Europe. However, we the residents of this planet, also must do our part to reduce our role in polluting the environment. After all, we are the ones who have to live with, or die from, the consequences of our actions. Works Cited Buchholz, Rogene A. Principles of Environmental Management. (1984). Christianson, Gale E. Greenhouse: The 200-Year Story of Global Warming. (1999). Fuller, Jim. â€Å"Ministers Unable to Reach Agreement at Climate Change Conference†. November 25, 2005. Http://globalchange.gov/news/hague_conference_2005_1125.html Leggett, Jeremy. The Climate Time Bomb: Signs of Climate Change from The Greenpeace Database (Amsterdam, Netherlands: Stichting Greenpeace Council, 1994). Revkin, Andrew. Global Warming: Understanding the Forecast.(2004). Union of Concerned Scientist. â€Å"Safeguarding the web of life: Global Environment†. June 29, 2006. http://www.uscusa.org

Analysis of The Shifting Heart, by Richard Beynon Essay

Thesis: In The Shifting Heart, the playwright Richard Beynon conveys ideas and representations of Australian identity through the use of narrative techniques, especially dialogue and characterisation. Each character represents an aspect of Australian society in the 1950’s that Beynon perceives to be true. 1st published in 1960. Set in 1956. NUTSHELL- 1. Not accepting of other cultures; Abuse against Gino and failed assimilation halfway between identities. Cultural heritage is important in establishing identity -Through the characterisation of Gino, Beynon shows the rejection of Australians towards immigrants and other cultures. -Page 95 Australian citizenship Certificate shows the belief Gino had that he had been accepted into Australian society. Momma â€Å"This we gotta put in a frame, he says.† It means something to him. Constant beatings he receives at the dance hall show that he is not accepted, as well as Barry shoving in the way in line â€Å"He tries to put his load straight on the scales- before us, so I told him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Clarry: â€Å"You shouldn’ta told him (page 27). Eventual death of Gino via the beatings shows the extreme racism and prejudice in Australia during the time of production. -Assimilation is encouraged to fit in -He tried to assimilate into Australian society, Pg 34 â€Å"Clarry. If he’s Australian, or†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and then continues on page 35 â€Å"Maria. Italian? (Pressing hard) What if he’s†¦ between the two?† 2. The play explores the systemic racism that exists within Australian society and portrays the justice system as corrupt and discriminatory -Throughout the play it is evident that racism is widespread and commonly used, with the people supporting immigrants being the minority. -After the death of Gino, it is evident that the law system is corrupt and that racism is systemic. -Detective Lukie- Boss is looking to promote him if he successfully pins the fight on the dead Gino. Page 69 rank is Detective sergeant (high ranking). Corrupt- makes assumptions, takes one side of the story of the Australian, â€Å"All I know are the facts,† page 73. Biased and racist Witness girl saw it all unfold page 96 the girl Gino was meeting on Italians side: Lukie â€Å"And we found a girl, too; arranged to meet him in the foyer. Saw most of it happen, she says†¦Ã¢â‚¬ - Police still confident Gino was  to blame -Page 97 Clarry â€Å"Why the change of face, eh? After promotion?† Lukie: â€Å"I’m happy. (Pause.) But i got a boss with ambitions.† Clarry talking to Lukie about Momma going to inquest; â€Å"She remembers, she forgets; what the hell difference will it make?† Knows whatever happens Gino will be declared guilty of drunken violence 3. A societies attitudes towards a minority race can be changed when they gain a greater understanding of the people aligned with that race rather than basing their judgment on stereotypes – Reflects upon the belief that racism is taught rather than inherited or ‘natural’ – Clarry represents this thesis, connotations of the title refer to him -Represented as a typical Aussie bloke, ie â€Å"could obviously manage without help in a fight,† page 20. In reference to Barry, the scrap metal collector who pushes in line in front of Gino, Clarry reasons that â€Å"Because he’s an older man, that’s why. He was in this game before you were even in this country.† â€Å"Rugged man of 36,† page 20 – Start of the novel Clarry loves Maria but doesn’t want to be acknowledged as being related to Bianchi’s. Maria: ‘†¦when he’s introduced Gino to people, but never once did he call him his brother-in-la w† page 77 He isn’t violent but he still has aspects of racism Refer to conversation with Lukie about Gino being guilty, he sticks up for them Challenges authority figures and calls their kid Gino â€Å"But last night-it clicked for me. I dunno†¦ I felt sort of†¦ good†¦Ã¢â‚¬  stereotype emotion, shows side 4. Alcohol is needed to have a good time and celebrate (Clarry and Donny) and the violence etc from it (misusing alcohol) -Donny Pratt: Represents alcoholism in Australia. (Leila bursts from the house with a ottle of beer and glasses†¦) â€Å"Here: quick, to wet its head. â€Å"Clarry (And he wrenches the top from a bottle.) â€Å"Here, Pop, grab yourself a lifeboat and hop inta that,† page 48. Reference to getting drunk, part of Aussie lifestyle. He is working class. Expresses the overlooking of domestic violence at the time. â€Å"How can I a hit you if I don’t remember?† Page 88 – Naturalised violence.

The Holocaust and The Final Solution Essay - 645 Words

The Holocaust was not just bad; it was horrific in every way. The Final Solution was meant to control people and scare people. Over eleven million people died in Europe. The United States came in later than they should have, but they stopped the Axis Powers from gaining too much control. However, my people, the Jewish people, would never forget the tragedy that doomed millions of lives. It was all started by a man named Adolf Hitler. Native to Austria, he fought for Germany in World War One. After germany surrendered, Hitler was furious. He wanted Germany to rise to what his vision of greatness was. After a failed attempt to overthrow the government, he got into politics. A few years later, he became chancellor of Germany. Hitler then†¦show more content†¦She was in hiding for two and a half years with her sister Margot, mother and father, Peter Van Daan, his mother and father, and Albert Dussel. Then the police found them and took them to transport camp. From there, they were taken to a labor camp. They were seperated by gender and never saw each other again. Anne and Margot were taken to another camp after they got sick. Margot died a few weeks later, followed by Anne, who had survived just days before their camp was freed by the Allies. Everyone perished except for Annes father, Otto Frank. He went back to their hiding space to see if anything had been s alvaged and he saw Annes diary. In it were stories and everything that had happend while she was there. He published it in honor of Anne and died many years later. In Washington D.C, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was planning out attcaks on the Axis Powers, getting advice and suggestions from the generals. Early on, the United States wanted nothing to do with World War Two. Japan took that as a threat and bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941. This caused the US to declare war on the Axis Powers The Axis Powers were Italy, Germany, and Japan. It wasnt until after the war that the army understood what the Nazis were planning, along with Italy and Japan. By then, over eleven million people had died in Europe alone. We learn about the Holocaust so that history doesnt repeat itself. In other words, the world doesnt want this to happen again.Show MoreRelatedThe Holocaust and The Final Solution 578 Words   |  2 PagesThe Holocaust is known to be time in history when Adolf Hitler was given power and used his power to attempt to eliminate all Jews in Europe. This essay will discuss Hitler’s anti-Semitic racial beliefs towards Jews, the consequences of his actions and the Final Solution. The Holocaust started around Germany only, though not long after it had spread along all Europe. 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How to Conjugate the Verb Vedere in Italian

An irregular verb of the second conjugation, vedere is used in Italian to mean to see visually, to run into someone, to understand something, and to see socially and romantically, Transitive With Direct Object In its simplest transitive construction, vedere takes, of course, the auxiliary avere, and a simple direct object: Vedo la tua casa! I see your house!Oggi ho visto un bel vestito. Today I saw a nice dress. Like in English, the act of seeing is different from watching or looking, which is guardare, but in Italian vedere is used for things for which watching would be used: You can say, ieri abbiamo visto la partita (yesterday we saw the game), but also, ieri ho guardato la partita (yesterday I watched the game). Same for a movie or a show. Transitive With an Infinitive or Subordinate Sentence The object of vedere can also be a subordinate clause announced by che or also another verb: Ho visto Giovanni andarsene. I saw Giovanni leaving.Da casa mia vedo il sole sorgere dal mare. From my house I see the sun rise from the sea.Vedo che questa settimana pioverà  . I see that this week its going to rain. In the constructions with che, vedere can be literal seeing, but most often it means to understand, to conclude, to gather, to perceive, or to get. Non vedo il problema. I dont see the problem.Vedo che non hai voglia di parlare. I see that you dont feel like talking.Ma non lo vedi che Alessia non à ¨ felice? Dont you see that Alessia is unhappy? Coupled with fare, vedere means to show: Ti faccio vedere la mia casa. Ill show you my house.Fammi vedere il tuo paese! Show me your town! Vederci To speak about seeing specifically as relates to eyesight, vedere is more commonly used as vederci pronominal, still conjugated with avere: Non ci vedo bene. I dont see well.Per anni non ci ho visto bene; poi ho preso gli occhiali. For years I didnt see well; then I got glasses. Reflexive, Impersonal, and Passive In the reflexive, vedersi, with the auxiliary essere, means to see oneself (in the mirror or otherwise); in the reciprocal (to see each other) it means to run into or to frequent socially or romantically, like in English. Non ci vediamo da molto tempo. We have not seen each other in a long time.Ci siamo visti laltra sera. We saw each other the other evening. In the impersonal and passive, with the si as one, we, everyone: Si vede il mare da qui. One can see the sea from here.Mario non si vede da tanto tempo in giro. Mario has not been seen around for a long time. Also with the impersonal si, mostly in the present tense, vedere is used for conjecture or drawing a conclusion, No visto Luca con unaltra ragazza; si vede che lui e Maria non stanno pià ¹ insieme. I saw Luca with another girl; I guess (it can be surmised) that he and Maria are no longer seeing each other.Ancora non à ¨ arrivata; si vede che ha fatto tardi. She has not arrived yet; I guess she is running late. The tables below contain vedere in various uses, with essere and avere in the compound tenses (depending on the use). Vedere has several irregular tenses in addition to an irregular participio passato, visto. Note that another participio passato is also used—veduto—which is accepted but falling increasingly into disuse. Indicativo Presente: Present Indicative A regular presente. Io vedo Non ci vedo niente. I can't see anything. Tu vedi Quando vedi la mamma? When are you seeing mom? Lui, lei, Lei vede Elena vede il mare tutti i giorni. Elena sees the sea every day. Noi vediamo Dove ci vediamo? Where should we meet? Voi vedete Da quanto tempo non vedete il vostro cane? You have not seen your dog since when? Loro, Loro vedono Loro si vedono da molto tempo. They have been seeing each other for a long time. Indicativo Passato Prossimo: Present Perfect Indicative The passato prossimo, made with the presente of the auxiliary and the passato prossimo, visto. Note the essere and avere and the changing passato prossimo. Io ho visto Non ci ho visto niente finchà © non ho comprato gli occhiali. I didn't see anything until I bought glasses. Tu hai visto Hai visto la mamma ieri? Did you see mom yesterday? Lui, lei, Lei ha visto In Francia, Elena ha visto il mare. In France, Elena saw the sea. Noi abbiamo visto/ci siamo visti/e Ci siamo visti ieri sera al bar. We saw each other last night at the bar. Voi avete visto Avete visto il vostro cane oggi? Did you see your dog today? Loro, Loro hanno visto/si sono visti/e Si sono viste allo specchio nel negozio. They saw themselves in the mirror at the store. Indicativo Imperfetto: Imperfect Indicative A regular imperfetto Io vedevo Da bambina non ci vedevo niente. As a child I couldn't see anything. Tu vedevi Quando abitavi qui vedevi la mamma tutti i giorni. When you lived here you saw mom every day. Lui, lei, Lei vedeva A Napoli, Elena vedeva il mare tutti i giorni. In Naples Elena saw the sea every day. Noi vedevamo Quando eravamo ragazzi ci vedevamo sempre in piazza o al bar. When we were kids we'd get together/see each other always in piazza or at the bar. Voi vedevate Da quando non vedevate il vostro cane? You had not seen your dog since when? Loro, Loro vedevano Da bambine, quando si vedevano allo specchio ridevano. When they were little, when they saw themselves in the mirror they would laugh! Indicativo Passato Remoto: Indicative Remote Past An irregular passato remoto. Io vidi Quando la luce si spense non ci vidi pià ¹. When the light went out I couldn't see anything. Tu vedesti Quando vedesti la mamma a Parigi che faceste? When you saw mom in Paris what did you do? Lui, lei, Lei vide Elena vide il mare la prima volta quando aveva cinquantanni. Elena saw the sea for the first time when she was 50. Noi vedemmo Ci vedemmo al bar e brindammo. We met at the bar and we toasted. Voi vedeste Quando vedeste il cane al canile lo adottaste. When you saw the dog at the shelter, you adopted him. Loro, Loro videro Quando si videro allo specchio per la prima volta risero. When they saw themselves in the mirror for the first time they laughed. Indicativo Trapassato Prossimo: Indicative Past Perfect The trapassato prossimo, made of the imperfetto of the auxiliary and the passato prossimo. Io avevo visto Non ci avevo visto niente dall'età   di dieci anni. I had not seen anything/I had seen poorly since I was 10. Tu avevi visto Avevi visto la mamma prima di partire? Had you seen mom before leaving? Lui, lei, Lei aveva visto Elena aveva visto il mare a Napoli e gli era piaciuto molto. Elena had seen the sea in Naples and she had liked it very much. Noi avevamo visto/ci eravamo visti/e Noi ci eravamo viste molto quell'anno. We had seen each other a lot that year. Voi avevate visto Avevate visto un altro cane che vi piaceva? Had you seen another dog you liked? Loro, Loro avevano visto/si erano visti/e Le bambine si erano viste allo specchio e avevano riso. The girls had seen themselves in the mirror and they had laughed. Indicativo Trapassato Remoto: Indicative Preterite Perfect The trapassato remoto, a remote storytelling tense made of the passato remoto of the auxiliary and the past participle. Io ebbi visto Quando diventai cieca capii che ci ebbi visto l'ultima volta. When I became blind, I realized that I had seen for the last time. Tu avesti visto Quando avesti visto la mamma la abbracciasti. When you saw mom you hugged her. Lui, lei, Lei ebbe visto Appena che Elena ebbe visto il mare, ci si tuffà ² dentro. As soon as Elena saw the sea, she jumped in. Noi avemmo visto/ci fummo visti/e Appena che ci fummo visti, ci abbracciammo. As soon as we had seen each other, we hugged. Voi aveste visto Dopo che aveste visto il cane, lo prendeste subito. After you had seen the dog, you took him immediately. Loro, Loro ebbero visto/si furono visti/e Dopo che si furono viste allo specchio, le bambine risero. After the girls had seen themselves in the mirror, they laughed. Indicativo Futuro Semplice: Indicative Simple Future An irregular futuro semplice. As in English, it has a nice premonitory voice. Io vedrà ² Senza occhiali non ci vedrà ² pià ¹ niente. Without glasses I will see nothing. Tu vedrai Quando vedrai la mamma sarai felice. When you see mom you will be happy. Lui, lei, Lei vedrà   Quando Elena vedrà   il mare sarà   felice. When Elena sees the sea, she will be happy. Noi vedremo Quando ci vedremo di nuovo? When will we see each other again? Voi vedrete Quando vedrete il vostro cane sarete felici. When you see your dog you will be happy. Loro, Loro vedranno Quando le bambine si vedranno nello specchio rideranno. When the little girls see themselves in the mirror, they will laugh. Indicativo Futuro Anteriore: Indicative Future Perfect The futuro anteriore, made of the simple future of the auxiliary and the past participle. Io avrà ² visto Quando ci avrà ² visto di nuovo sarà ² felice. When I will have seen again, I will be happy. Tu avrai visto Domani a quest'ora avrai visto la mamma. Tomorrow at this time you will have seen mom. Lui, lei, Lei avrà   visto Dopo che Elena avrà   visto il mare di Napoli, ci comprerà   la casa. After Elena will have seen the sea of Naples, she will buy a house there. Noi avremo visto/ci saremo visti/e Quando ci saremo viste di nuovo ti racconterà ² il mio segreto. When we will have seen each other again, I will tell you my secret. Voi avrete visto Sarete felici dopo che avrete visto il vostro cane. You will be happy once you see your dog. Loro, Loro avranno visto/si saranno visti/e Dopo che le bambine si saranno viste allo specchio, vorranno senz'altro togliersi il vestito. After the girls will have seen themselves in the mirror, they will certainly want to take off their dress. Congiuntivo Presente: Present Subjunctive A regular congiuntivo presente. Che io veda Il dottore vuole che ci veda. The doctor wants me to see. Che tu veda Spero che tu veda la mamma oggi. I hope you see mom today. Che lui, lei, Lei veda Credo che Elena adesso veda il mare tutti i giorni. I believe that Elena sees the sea every day now. Che noi vediamo Dove vuoi che ci vediamo? Where do you want us to meet up/see each other? Che voi vediate Spero che vediate il vostro cane in giornata. I hope that you will see your dog within the day. Che loro, Loro vedano Voglio che le bambine si vedano allo specchio. I want the girls to see themselves in the mirror. Congiuntivo Passato: Present Perfect Subjunctive An irregular congiuntivo passato, made of the present subjunctive of the auxiliary and the past participle. Che io abbia visto Il dottore non pensa che ci abbia visto niente. The doctor doesn't think I saw anything. Che tu abbia visto Spero che tu abbia visto la mamma ieri. I hope you saw mom yesterday. Che lui, lei, Lei abbia visto Voglio che Elena abbia visto il mare e abbia comprato casa. I want for Elena to have seen the sea and to have bought her house. Che noi abbiamo visto/ci siamo visti/e Nonostante ieri ci siamo viste, ancora non ti ho detto il mio segreto. Though yesterday we saw each other, I fear I still have not told you my secret. Che voi abbiate visto Sono felice che abbiate visto il vostro cane! I am happy you saw your dog! Che loro, Loro abbiano visto/si siano visti/e Credo che le bambine si siano viste allo specchio. I think the girls saw themselves in the mirror. Congiuntivo Imperfetto: Imperfect Subjunctive A regular congiuntivo imperfetto. Che io vedessi Il dottore sperava che ci vedessi. The doctor hoped that I would see. Che tu vedessi Vorrei che tu vedessi la mamma oggi. I wish you would see mom today. Che lui, lei, Lei vedesse Speravo che Elena vedesse il mare oggi. I was hoping that Elena would see the sea today. Che noi vedessimo Vorrei che ci vedessimo stasera. I wish that we would see each other/get together tonight. Che voi vedeste Pensavo che vedeste il vostro cane oggi. I thought you would see your dog today. Che loro, Loro vedessero Volevo che le bambine si vedessero allo specchio con i vestiti. I wanted the girls to see themselves in the mirror with their dresses. Congiuntivo Trapassato: Past Perfect Subjunctive An irregular trapassato prossimo, made of the imperfetto congiuntivo of the auxiliary and the past participle. Che io avessi visto Il dottore vorrebbe che ci avessi visto. The doctor wishes that I had seen. Che tu avessi visto Vorrei che tu avessi visto la mamma. I wish that you had seen mom. Che lui, lei, Lei avesse visto Avrei voluto che Elena avesse visto il mare. I wished that Elena had seen the sea. Che noi avessimo visto/ci fossimo visti/e Avrei voluto che ci fossimo viste. I wished that we had seen each other. Che voi aveste visto Temevo che non aveste visto il vostro cane oggi. I feared that you had not seen your dog today. Che loro, Loro avessero visto/si fossero visti/e Avrei voluto che le bambine si fossero viste allo specchio. I had wished that the girls had seen themselves in the mirror. Condizionale Presente: Present Conditional An irregular condizionale presente. Io vedrei Ci vedrei se avessi gli occhiali. I would see if I had glasses. Tu vedresti Quando vedresti la mamma domani? When would you see mom tomorrow? Lui, lei, Lei vedrebbe Elena vedrebbe un bel mare se venisse a Napoli. Elena would see a beautiful sea if she came to Naples. Noi vedremmo Ci vedremmo se avessimo tempo. We would see each other if we had time. Voi vedreste Vedreste il vostro cane se non fosse tardi. Lo vedrete domani! You would see your dog if it were not late. You will see him tomorrow! Loro, Loro vedrebbero Le bambine si vedrebbero volentieri allo specchio. The girls would see themselves gladly in the mirror. Condizionale Passato: Perfect Conditional Irregular, this condizionale passato is made of the present conditional of the auxiliary and the past participle. Io avrei visto Ci avrei visto se avessi comprato gli occhiali. I would have seen had I bought glasses. Tu avresti visto Avresti visto la mamma se tu fossi venuta. You would have seen mom had you come. Lui, lei, Lei avrebbe visto Elena avrebbe visto un mare bellissimo se fosse venuta a Napoli. Elena would have seen a beautiful sea had she come to Naples. Noi avremmo visto/ci saremmo visti/e Se tu avessi potuto, ci saremmo viste ieri. If you had been able to, we would have seen each other yesterday. Voi avreste visto Avreste visto il vostro cane ieri se non fosse stato tardi. You would have seen your dog yesterday had it not been late. Loro, Loro avrebbero visto/si sarebbero visti/e Senza specchio, le bambine non avrebbero visto i loro vestiti. Without a mirror, the girls would not have seen their dresses. Imperativo: Imperative Tu vedi Vedi te! See for yourself! Lui, lei, Lei veda Veda Lei! You see (formal)! Noi vediamo O vediamo! Let's see! Voi vedete Vedete voi! You all see! Loro, Loro vedano Ma che vedano loro! May they see! Infinito: Infinitive The infinito vedere is used as a noun and often used with helping verbs. Non poter vedere (metaphorically) means to not stand someone; with stare, stare a vedere means to wait and see. Vedere 1. Mi fai vedere la tua casa? 2. Non vedo l'ora di vederti. 1. Will you show me your house? 2. I can't wait to see you. Avere visto Averti vista qui mi ha reso felice. Having seen you here made my happy. Vedersi 1. Paola e Simona non si possono vedere. 2. Mi ha fatto bene vederti. 3. Vederci à ¨ stato bello. 1. Paola and Simona can't stand each other. 2. It was good for me to see you. 3. It was nice for us to see each other. Essersi visto/a/i/e Non essersi visti per molto tempo non ha giovato alla loro amicizia. Not having seen each other for a long time was not good for their friendship. Participio Presente Passato: Present Past Participle The present participle, vedente, is used most rarely; the participio passato in the visto form, on the other hand, is widely used as a noun and as an adjective, to express how one is perceived or viewed. For example, ben visto means well thought of. Vista also means view and sight. And, if you have been to Italy, surely you have heard of a visto and you might have needed one to stay. Vedente Visto/a/i/e 1. Il professore à ¨ visto con molto rispetto. 2. Vista dall'esterno, la situazione non à ¨ molto positiva. 3. Sei una vista stupenda. 1. The professor is viewed/thought of with great respect. 2. The situation, seen from the outside, is not very positive. 3. You are a beautiful sight. Gerundio Presente Passato: Present Past Gerund The gerund  is used in both present and past form to set up subordinate clauses as complemento oggetto, or object complement. Vedendo 1. Vedendo il tramonto, Luisa si à ¨ emozionata. 2. Vedendo che non volevo restare, Franco mi ha lasciata andare. 1. Seeing the sunset, Luisa was moved. 2. Seeing that I didn't want to stay, Franco let me go. Avendo visto 1. Avendo visto tramontare il sole, sono andata a letto felice. 2. Avendo visto la situazione, Barbara ha deciso che era meglio andare. 1. Having seen the sun set, I went to bed happy. 2. Having seen/understood the situation, Barbara decided that it was best to leave. Vedendosi 1. Vedendosi allo specchio, Lucia ha sorriso.2. Vedendoci sempre, non ci accorgiamo dei cambiamenti. 1. Seeing herself in the mirror, Lucia smiled. 2. Seeing one another all the time, we don't notice the changes. Essendosi visto/a/i/e Essendosi visti recentemente, non hanno parlato a lungo. Having seen each other recently, they didn't talk long.